Sodium-Ion Battery (SIB) cells, a relatively new technology, are the focus of this study, providing an extensive multi-method characterization of a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 SIB cell. Notably, this research marks the first instance of such characterization in the existing literature. It is worth noting that most of the characterization methods commonly used for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) also exhibit a high degree of applicability when applied to SIBs. In particular, imaging techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microscopy (XRM) have proven to be transferable. Analytical methods, including Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), yield results that align with the findings of the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment. The SIB cell under investigation contains substantial amounts of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) within the Mn/Fe/Ni-based layered oxide cathode. This composition contributes to the affordability of the SIB cell, as reflected in its pricing. Mercury porosimetry measurements reveal significant porosities in both the anode and cathode, while electrical characterization underscores the high-power capabilities of this cell.

Additionally, diagnostic algorithms show satisfactory transferability. It’s worth noting that subjecting the cell to higher charging currents does not adversely affect its capacity retention. However, excessive electrolyte decomposition triggers the cell’s current interrupt device (CID), thereby preventing a comprehensive lifetime analysis. Overcoming the challenges posed by thermal-induced electrolyte decomposition, this early commercial SIB cell emerges as an ideal solution for high-power applications, effectively addressing a gap that other types of cells cannot fill. In conclusion, characterizing a commercial 1.2 Ah 18650 SIB cell benefits from leveraging established methods commonly used for LIB characterization.