The growing demand for sustainable mobility is driving the need for high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the long-range requirements of vehicles.
Consequently, materials with superior specific energy, such as silicon (Si), are increasingly being used over conventional graphite (Gr) as anode active materials
due to Si’s significantly higher theoretical capacity. However, the incorporation of pure Si presents challenges, so it is often blended with graphite. Nevertheless,
the expansion of Si volume during lithiation, which can exceed 300%, presents hurdles. Studies have demonstrated that LIBs with Gr/Si anodes exhibit persistent
changes in open circuit voltage (OCV) even after extended periods, complicating state of charge (SoC) determination and capacity estimation. This phenomenon
is attributed to factors such as anode overhang and the interplay of mechanical stress and electrochemistry [1,2].

[1] M. N. Obrovacz and L. Christensen, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (2004).
[2] V.A. Sethuraman, L.J. Hardwick, V. Srinivasan, R. Kostecki, Surface structural disordering in
graphite upon lithium intercalation/deintercalation, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 3655–3660.